Vocab+&+Outline+Chap.+11

= Chapter 11: Blood =

Vocabulary

 * Agglutunate- antibodies causing antigens to clump or stick together
 * Albumin- one of several types of proteins normally found in blood plasma; helps thicken the blood
 * Anemia- deficient number of red blood cells or deficient hemoglobin
 * Antibody- substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a specific substance (antigen) that has entered the body
 * Antigen- substance that, when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it
 * Aplastic Anemia- blood disorder characterized by a low red blood cell count; caused by destruction of myeloid tissue in the bone marrow
 * Basophil- white blood cell that stains readily with basic dyes
 * Buffy Coat- thin layer of white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets located between red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma in a centrifuged sample of blood
 * Carbinohemoglobin- the compound formed by the union of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin
 * Differential WBC Count- proportion of each type of WBC reported and a percentage of total WBC count
 * Embolism- Obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign matter carried in the bloodstream
 * Embolus- a blood clot or other substance (bubble of air) that is moving in the blood and may block a blood vessel
 * Eosinophil- a white blood cell that are stained by eosin
 * Erythroblastosis Fetalis- hemolytic disease in the newborn caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Erythrocyte- red blood cell
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fibrin- insoluble protein in clotted blood
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fibrinogen- A soluble blood protein that is converted to fibrin during blood clotting
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Globulins- a type of plasma protein that includes antibodies
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hematocrit (Hct)- the volume percent of blood cells in whole blood
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hemoglobin- iron-containing protein in red blood cells
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hemorrhagic anemia- condition characterized by low oxygen carrying capacity of blood caused by decreased red blood cell life span and/or increased rate of red blood cell destruction
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Heparin- substance obtained from the liver; inhibits blood clotting
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">International Normalized Ratio (INR)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Iron deficiency anemia- condition in which there are inadequate levels of iron in the diet so that less hemoglobin is produced; results in extreme fatigue
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Leukemia- blood cancer characterized by an increase in white blood cells
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Leukocyte- white blood cells
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Leukocytosis- abnormally high white blood cell numbers in the blood
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Leukopenia- an abnormal low white blood cell numbers in the blood
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lymphocyte- type of white blood cell; b cell or t cell
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Macrophage- phagocytic cells in the immune system
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Monocyte­- a phagocyte
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Myeloid- tissue pertaining to bone marrow
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Neutrophil- white blood cell that stains readily with neutral dyes
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Oxyhemoglobin- hemoglobin combined with oxygen
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pernicious anemia- deficiency of red blood cells resulting from a lack of vitamin B12
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Phagocyte- white blood cell that engulfs microbes and digests them
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Plasma- the liquid part of the blood
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Plasma protein- any of several proteins normally found in the plasma; includes albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Platelet- fragment of a blood cell originating in the bone marrow that is involved in blood clotting
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Polycythemia- an excessive number of red blood cells
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Prothrombin- a protein present in normal blood that is required for blood clotting
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Prothrombin activator- a protein formed by clotting factors from damaged tissue cells and platelets; converts prothrombin into thrombin, a step essential to forming a blood clot
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Serum- blood plasma minus its clotting factors, still contains antibodies
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sickle cell anemia- severe, possible fatal, hereditary disease caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sickle cell trait- when only one defective gene is inherited and only a small amount of hemoglobin that is less soluble than usual is produced
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thrombin- protein important in blood clotting
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thrombocyte- also called a platelet; plays a role in blood clotting
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thrombosis- formation of a clot in a blood vessel
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thrombus- stationary blood clot
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Total WBC count- the total number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">OutLine- (this is the one dr. taylor sent with some changes...)

 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Describe the primary function of blood.
 * The primary function of blood is transportation. It carries nutrients and oxygen to all body cells, and eliminates carbon dioxide and other waste products.
 * Describe the characteristics of blood plasma.
 * Blood plasma is the liquid part of the blood, or blood minus its formed elements. It consists of water with many substances dissolved in it, such as salts, small amounts of oxygen, waste products, hormones that help control cell activity, and antibodies that help protect the body against microorganisms.
 * List the formed elements of blood, and identify the most important function of each. Blood is made up of three primary types of cells:
 * Red blood cells (erythrocytes)—transport oxygen to all body cells and also transport carbon dioxide away from all body cells.
 * One drop of blood 5,000,000 RBCs
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">White blood cells (leukocytes)—defend the body from microorganisms that have succeeded in invading the tissues or bloodstream.
 * There are various kinds of white blood cells.
 * Neutrophils and monocytes engulf microorganisms by phagocytosis.
 * Neutrophils- most common in the blood
 * Lymphocytes function in the immune mechanism by stimulating antibody formation.
 * B-Lymphocytes – antibody formation
 * Eosinophils- help protect the body from irritants that cause allergies.
 * Basophils also function in allergic reactions. In addition, they secrete heparin, which prevents blood clot formation.
 * One drop of blood 5,000-9,000 WBCs
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Platelets (thrombocytes)—blood cells that initiate blood clot formation.Polycythemia- opposite of anemia- has a larger number of RBCs
 * One drop of blood 300,000 platelets
 * Discuss anemia in terms of red blood cell numbers and hemoglobin content.
 * Deficiency in number or function of red blood cells and the hemoglobin molecule found therein causes anemia.
 * Iron is a critical component of the hemoglobin molecule.
 * Without adequate iron in the diet, the body cannot manufacture enough hemoglobin.
 * This results in iron deficiency anemia.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Explain the steps involved in blood clotting.
 * Blood clot formation involves the following steps in a chain reaction:
 * When a blood vessel is injured, platelets break up as they flow over a rough spot in the vessel lining.
 * releases a substance into the blood that leads to the formation of substances called platelet factors.
 * Platelets become “sticky” at the point of injury, and this causes them to accumulate.
 * platelet numbers increase, so does the release of platelet factor (prothrombin activator).
 * These factors combine with prothrombin (a protein present in blood), calcium, and other substances to form thrombin.
 * Thrombin reacts with another blood protein called fibrinogen, and fine threads of fibrin are formed.
 * Blood cells accumulate in these threads, and blood has clotted.
 * Describe ABO and RH blood typing.
 * Every person’s blood belongs to one of the following four blood types: A, B, AB, or O.
 * A blood, the letter “A” stands for a certain type of antigen (protein) present in the cytoplasmic membrane of your red blood cells.
 * blood plasma naturally contains anti-B antibodies.
 * B blood, red blood cells have B antigens in the cell membrane
 * anti-A antibodies in blood plasma.
 * AB blood has both type A and type B antigens in the cell membrane
 * no antibodies in the plasma.
 * O blood the red blood cell contains neither type A nor type B antigens,
 * plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
 * Blood that is identified as Rh-positive has an antigen called the Rh factor present in the red blood cells.
 * Blood identified as Rh-negative does not contain this Rh factor.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Define the following medical terms associated with blood: hematocrit, leukocytosis, leukopenia, polycythemia, sickle cell, phagocytosis, acidosis, thrombosis, erythroblastosis fetalis, serum, fibrinogen, Rh factor, and anemia.Definitions of the following terms:Leukocytosis—an abnormally high white blood cell count (over 10,000 WBCs/dl of blood).
 * Hematocrit—a common laboratory test that tells measures the volume of red blood cells in a blood sample.
 * If whole blood is placed in a hematocrit tube and centrifuged, the heavier formed elements settle to the bottom.
 * Red blood cells are forced to the bottom of the tube first
 * White blood cells and platelets settle out in a layer called the buffy coat.
 * Normally about 45% of the blood volume consists of red cells.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Leukopenia—an abnormally low white blood cell count (under 5,000 WBCs/dl of blood).
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Polycythemia—production of an abnormally high number of red blood cells.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sickle cell—a red blood cell that contains an abnormal type of hemoglobin.
 * Individuals inherit a gene that causes production of varying amounts of a less-soluble hemoglobin that crystallizes.
 * This crystallization distorts the shape of the affected red blood cells.
 * They assume a half-moon, or sickle, shape.
 * These cells cannot perform their role of oxygen transport, and they also obstruct blood flow.
 * This disease is a hereditary disorder.
 * A person who inherits only one defective gene (from one parent) has “sickle cell trait.”
 * Persons who inherit two defective genes (from both parents) has “sickle cell anemia.”
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Phagocytosis—The ability of a cell to take into itself and then digest another cell is called phagocytosis.
 * This is sometimes called “cell eating.”
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Acidosis—a condition in which blood pH ranges from 7.35–6.80 or lower.Thrombosis—the formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel.
 * This condition is seen in diabetes where there is an excessive amount of acid in the circulatory system.
 * Untreated acidosis can be fatal.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Erythroblastosis fetalis—a type of hemolytic anemia occurring in newborns as a result of maternal-fetal blood incompatibility.
 * This condition is caused by an antigen-antibody reaction in the bloodstream of the infant
 * resulting from the placental transmission of maternally formed antibodies against the incompatible antigens of the baby’s blood.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Serum—blood plasma minus the clotting factors.
 * It consists of water and dissolved substances.
 * When a factor (fibrinogen) necessary for blood clot formation is removed from plasma, plasma can then be referred to as serum.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fibrinogen—a protein normally present in blood that is necessary for blood clot formation.
 * When this protein is acted on by a substance called thrombin, it is converted to a tangle of fine threads called fibrin.
 * Blood cells become trapped in these threads of fibrin and, in turn, a clot is formed.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rh factor—an antigen that can be present in human blood.
 * It was first discovered in the blood of Rhesus monkeys.
 * Individuals who possess this factor have Rh-positive blood, whereas individuals who do not possess this factor have Rh-negative blood.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Anemia—a general term used to describe a number of different disease conditions in which the blood cannot carry sufficient oxygen to the body cells.
 * can result from a deficiency in number of red blood cells or a deficiency of hemoglobin.
 * caused by a diet deficient in iron, it is called iron deficiency anemia.
 * caused by loss of a large quantity of blood is called hemorrhagic anemia.
 * Aplastic anemia is a reduction in the numbers of RBCs following destruction of the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow.
 * Pernicious anemia is caused by lack of “intrinsic factor” and vitamin B12 is not absorbed from the diet.
 * sickle cell anemia.-Anemia caused by the inheritance of a defective gene is called
 * Pernicious anemia is caused by lack of “intrinsic factor” and vitamin B12 is not absorbed from the diet.
 * sickle cell anemia.-Anemia caused by the inheritance of a defective gene is called